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Components subject to shearing are often seen in engineering. The common feature of such rods is that they are subjected to external forces of equal magnitude and opposite directions on both sides of the member, and the lines of action are very close and perpendicular to the rod axis. Under such external force, the main deformation of the rod is: with two forces The cross section m-m between the two parts is the interface, and the two parts of the component move relative to each other along this surface. This deformation form of the member is called shearing, and the section m-m is called the shearing plane, and the shearing plane is parallel to the direction of the external force. When the external force is large enough, the member will be sheared along the shear plane.

There is only one shear plane, which is called single shear. At the same time, the member is compressed, and the two sides are also squeezed by other members. This phenomenon of local surface compression is called extrusion. If the pressure is large, significant plastic deformation will occur in the local area at the contact surface, resulting in the structure not being used normally. This phenomenon is called extrusion failure. In addition to shearing and extrusion, the coupling is often accompanied by other forms of deformation. For example, bending or stretching deformation. However, since these deformations are secondary to shear and extrusion deformations, they are generally not considered. This type of deformation is caused by forces with equal magnitudes, opposite directions, and parallel lines of action, which are manifested as relative dislocation of the two parts of the sheared member along the direction of the external force. Joints commonly used in machinery, such as keys, pins, bolts, etc., all produce shear deformation.  

Twist

This type of deformation is caused by two force couples that are equal in size and opposite in direction, and whose surfaces of action are both perpendicular to the rod axis. Appears as the relative rotation of any two cross-sections of the rod about the axis. The drive shaft of the car, the main shaft of the motor and the water turbine are all torsion bar parts. When the force couple acts in the plane perpendicular to the axis of the rod, the rod will produce torsional deformation, that is, each cross section of the rod will rotate relative to the rod axis. The torsional deformation of the rod has the following characteristics: Force: Two force couples act on the two ends of the rod in the plane perpendicular to the rod axis, and the moment of the couple is equal and the direction of rotation is opposite. Deformation: The relative rotation of each cross section on the rod about the axis of the rod. The relative rotation angle between any two cross sections is called the relative twist angle.

The torsionally deformed components are often encountered in engineering. For example, the driver's two hands exert a force of equal magnitude, opposite direction, and parallel lines of action in the plane on the steering wheel. They form a force couple that acts on the joystick's At the end of the joystick, it is acted by the reaction couple from the steering gear, so that the joystick is twisted. 4. Bending This type of deformation is caused by a transverse force perpendicular to the axis of the rod, or by a pair of equal and opposite force couples acting on the longitudinal plane containing the rod axis, and the axis of the rod changes from a straight line to a curve. In engineering, bending member is one of the most frequently encountered situations.

The deformation of the girders, various mandrels and turning tools of bridge cranes are all bending deformations. After the force is applied, the axes of these straight rods will be bent from the original straight line into a curve, and this deformation is called bending. A member that is dominated by bending deformation is usually called a beam. There are also several basic deformations of some rods at the same time. For example, three basic deformations of bending, torsion and compression occur when the main shaft of the lathe is working; two basic deformations of tension and bending occur at the same time in the column of the drilling machine. This situation is called combinatorial deformation. ​

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